African American literature

African American theatre

During the decade following World War II, professional African American dramatists—such as William Blackwell Branch, author of In Splendid Error (produced 1954); Alice Childress, creator of the Obie Award-winning Trouble in Mind (produced 1955); and Loften Mitchell, best known for A Land Beyond the River (produced 1957)—found greater access to the white American theatre than any previous generation of black playwrights had known. Baldwin began a dramatic career in 1955 with The Amen Corner, which focuses on a female preacher in a Harlem storefront church. Hughes continued his stage presence with his musical comedy Simply Heavenly in 1957.

Still from the 1961 film version of Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the …

Columbia/The Kobal Collection

But no one in African American theatre could have predicted the huge critical and popular success that came to Chicagoan Lorraine Hansberry after her first play, A Raisin in the Sun, opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway in March 1959. A searching portrayal of an African American family confronting the problems of upward mobility and integration, A Raisin in the Sun introduced not only the most brilliant playwright yet produced by black America but also an extraordinarily talented cast of African (or Bahamian, in the case of Sidney Poitier) American actors, including Poitier, Ruby Dee, and Lou Gossett, Jr., and the play's director, Lloyd Richards, the first black director of a Broadway show in more than 50 years. Hansberry's play was awarded the New York Drama Critics Circle Award in 1959; she was the first African American writer to win this prestigious award. Hansberry completed another play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (produced 1964), and several screenplays, including the film version of A Raisin in the Sun (1961), before her death at age 34.

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  Introduction
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  Antebellum literature
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    Slave narratives
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    Prose, drama, and poetry
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    Oral tradition
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  The Civil War and Reconstruction
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  The late 19th and early 20th centuries
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    Paul Laurence Dunbar
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    The novel as social analysis
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    Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
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    The rise of the New Negro
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  The Harlem Renaissance
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    Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen
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    Novelists
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    Playwrights and editors
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  The advent of urban realism
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    Richard Wright
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    Chicago writers
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    The 1940s
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    Ralph Ellison
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    James Baldwin
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  African American theatre
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  The literature of civil rights
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    Amiri Baraka
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    The Black Arts movement
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  Reconceptualizing Blackness
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  Renaissance in the 1970s
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    Toni Morrison
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    Alice Walker
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  The turn of the 21st century
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    August Wilson
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    African American roots
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  Additional Reading