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The 18th century > Publication of political literature > Journalism

The avalanche of political writing whetted the contemporary appetite for reading matter generally and, in the increasing sophistication of its ironic and fictional maneuvers, assisted in preparing the way for the astonishing growth in popularity of narrative fiction during the subsequent decades. It also helped fuel the other great new genre of the 18th century: periodical journalism. After Defoe's Review the great innovation in this field came with the achievements of Richard Steele and Joseph Addison in The Tatler (1709–11) and then The Spectator (1711–12). In a familiar, urbane style they tackled a great range of topics, from politics to fashion, from aesthetics to the development of commerce. They aligned themselves with those who wished to see a purification of manners after the laxity of the Restoration and wrote extensively, with descriptive and reformative intent, about social and family relations. Their political allegiances were Whig, and in their creation of Sir Roger de Coverley they painted a wry portrait of the landed Tory squire as likable, possessed of good qualities, but feckless and anachronistic. Contrariwise, they spoke admiringly of the positive and honourable virtues bred by a healthy, and expansionist, mercantile community. Addison, the more original of the two, was an adventurous literary critic who encouraged esteem for the ballad through his enthusiastic account of Chevy Chase and hymned the pleasures of the imagination in a series of papers deeply influential on 18th-century thought. His long, thoughtful, and probing examen of Milton's Paradise Lost played a major role in establishing the poem as the great epic of English literature and as a source of religious wisdom. The success with which Addison and Steele established the periodical essay as a prestigious form can be judged by the fact that they were to have more than 300 imitators before the end of the century. The awareness of their society and curiosity about the way it was developing, which they encouraged in their eager and diverse readership, left its mark on much subsequent writing.

Later in the century other periodical forms developed. Edward Cave invented the idea of the “magazine,” founding the hugely successful Gentleman's Magazine in 1731. One of its most prolific early contributors was the young Samuel Johnson. Periodical writing was a major part of Johnson's career, as it was for writers such as Fielding and Goldsmith. The practice and the status of criticism were transformed in mid-century by the Monthly Review (founded 1749) and the Critical Review (founded 1756). The latter was edited by Tobias Smollett. From this period the influence of reviews began to shape literary output, and writers began to acknowledge their importance.

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