English literature

The 20th century > Literature after 1945

Increased attachment to religion most immediately characterized literature after World War II. This was particularly perceptible in authors who had already established themselves before the war. W.H. Auden turned from Marxist politics to Christian commitment, expressed in poems that attractively combine classical form with vernacular relaxedness. Christian belief suffused the verse plays of T.S. Eliot and Christopher Fry. While Graham Greene continued the powerful merging of thriller plots with studies of moral and psychological ambiguity that he had developed through the 1930s, his Roman Catholicism loomed especially large in novels such as The Heart of the Matter (1948) and The End of the Affair (1951). Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited (1945) and his Sword of Honour trilogy (1965; published separately as Men at Arms [1952], Officers and Gentlemen [1955], and Unconditional Surrender [1961]) venerate Roman Catholicism as the repository of values seen as under threat from the advance of democracy. Less-traditional spiritual solace was found in Eastern mysticism by Aldous Huxley and Christopher Isherwood and by Robert Graves, who maintained an impressive output of taut, graceful lyric poetry behind which lay the creed he expressed in The White Goddess (1948), a matriarchal mythology revering the female principle.

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  Introduction
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  The Old English period
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    Poetry
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      Alliterative verse
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      The major manuscripts
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      Problems of dating
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      Religious verse
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      Elegiac and heroic verse
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    Prose
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      Early translations into English
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      Late 10th- and 11th-century prose
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  The early Middle English period
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    Poetry
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      Influence of French poetry
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      Didactic poetry
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      Verse romance
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      The lyric
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    Prose
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  The later Middle English and early Renaissance periods
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    Later Middle English poetry
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      The revival of alliterative poetry
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      Courtly poetry
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      Chaucer and Gower
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      Poetry after Chaucer and Gower
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        Courtly poetry
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        Popular and secular verse
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        Political verse
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    Later Middle English prose
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      Religious prose
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      Secular prose
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    Middle English drama
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    The transition from medieval to Renaissance
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  The Renaissance period: 1550–1660
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    Literature and the age
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      Social conditions
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      Intellectual and religious revolution
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      The race for cultural development
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    Elizabethan poetry and prose
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      Development of the English language
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      Sidney and Spenser
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      Elizabethan lyric
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      The sonnet sequence
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      Other poetic styles
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      Prose styles, 1550–1600
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    Elizabethan and early Stuart drama
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      Theatre and society
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        Theatres in London and the provinces
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        Professional playwrights
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        Marlowe
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      Shakespeare's works
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        The early histories
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        The early comedies
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        The tragedies
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        Shakespeare's later works
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      Playwrights after Shakespeare
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        Jonson
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        Other Jacobean dramatists
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        The last Renaissance dramatists
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    Early Stuart poetry and prose
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      The Metaphysical poets
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        Donne
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        Donne's influence
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      Jonson and the Cavalier poets
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      Continued influence of Spenser
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      Effect of religion and science on early Stuart prose
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      Prose styles
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      Milton
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  The Restoration
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    Literary reactions to the political climate
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      The defeated republicans
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      Writings of the Nonconformists
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      Writings of the royalists
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    Major genres and major authors of the period
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      Locke
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      Chroniclers
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      Diarists
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      The court wits
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      Dryden
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      Drama by Dryden and others
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  The 18th century
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    Publication of political literature
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      Journalism
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      Major political writers
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        Pope
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        Thomson, Prior, and Gay
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        Swift
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        Shaftesbury and others
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    The novel
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      The major novelists
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        Defoe
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        Richardson
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        Fielding
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        Smollett
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        Sterne
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      Other novelists
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    Poets and poetry after Pope
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      Burns
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      Goldsmith
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      Johnson's poetry and prose
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  The Romantic period
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    The nature of Romanticism
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    Poetry
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      Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge
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      Other poets of the early Romantic period
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      The later Romantics: Shelley, Keats, and Byron
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      Other poets of the later period
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    The novel: from the Gothic novel to Austen and Scott
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    Discursive prose
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    Drama
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  The post-Romantic and Victorian eras
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    Early Victorian literature: the age of the novel
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      Dickens
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      Thackeray, Gaskell, and others
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      The Brontës
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    Early Victorian verse
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      Tennyson
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      Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning
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      Arnold and Clough
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    Early Victorian nonfiction prose
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    Late Victorian literature
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      The novel
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      Verse
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    The Victorian theatre
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    Victorian literary comedy
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  The 20th century
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    From 1900 to 1945
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      The Edwardians
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      The Modernist revolution
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        Anglo-American Modernism: Pound, Lewis, Lawrence, and Eliot
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        Celtic Modernism: Yeats, Joyce, Jones, and MacDiarmid
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      The literature of World War I and the interwar period
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      The 1930s
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      The literature of World War II (1939–45)
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    Literature after 1945
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      Fiction
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      Poetry
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      Drama
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  The 21st century
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  Additional Reading
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    General works
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    The Old English period
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    The Middle English period
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    The Renaissance period, 1550–1660
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      Elizabethan poetry and prose
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      Elizabethan and early Stuart drama
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      Early Stuart poetry and prose
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    The Restoration and the 18th century
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    The Romantic period
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    The Post-Romantic and Victorian eras
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    The 20th century
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      From 1900 to 1945
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      Literature after 1945